Continuum Postreading Test 30(1) February 2024 (Spinal Cord Disorders)

Contributors^a

Shamik Bhattacharyya, MD, FAAN
Guest Editor
Anne Finucane Distinguished Chair in Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Bhattacharyya has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a consultant for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and as a second opinion for Teladoc Health, Inc, and in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for the American Academy of Neurology, and publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. The institution of Dr Bhattacharyya has received research support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, the National Institutes of Health, and UCB S.A.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Bhattacharyya reports no disclosure.

Casey S. W. Albin, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neurocritical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Dr Albin has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as an instructor with the Resuscitation Leadership Academy and in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, research support from the American Academy of Neurology, and royalties from a publication relating to health care.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Albin reports no disclosure.

Aaron L. Berkowitz, MD, PhD, FAAN
Professor of Clinical Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco VA Medical Center; Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Berkowitz has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a content creator for The Clinical Problem Solvers and as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for the American Academy of Neurology and McGraw-Hill Education; in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as a consultant with Thieme Group; and in the range of $10,000 to $49,999 for serving as an expert witness for various law firms. Dr Berkowitz has received publishing royalties from publications relating to health care.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Berkowitz reports no disclosure.

Kathy Chuang, MD
Instructor in Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Neurology Co-Director, Paralysis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Chuang reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Chuang discusses the investigational use of acupuncture, AXER 204, biomaterial scaffolding, brain-computer interfaces, chondroitinase, epidural spinal stimulation, exosomes, functional electrical stimulation, nerve and tendon transfers, robotic therapy, stem cell therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, treadmill training, whole-body vibration training, and VX-210 and the unlabeled use of cannabinoids, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lidocaine, mexiletine, opioids, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants for the treatment of myelopathy.

Amanda F. Doering
Continuum Senior Managing Editor, American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, Minnesota

Relationship Disclosure: Ms Doering reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Ms Doering reports no disclosure.

Anita M. Fletcher, MD
Neurologist, Neuroscience Clinical Trial Director, AdventHealth Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, Florida; Special Investigator, National Institutes of Health, Neuroimmunology and Section of Infections of the Nervous System, Bethesda, Maryland

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Fletcher reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Fletcher reports no disclosure.

Kathryn B. Holroyd, MD
Instructor, Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Holroyd reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Holroyd reports no disclosure.

Saef Izzy, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Associate Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Divisions of Neurocritical Care and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Izzy has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving on a scientific advisory or data safety monitoring board for Marinus Pharmaceuticals, Inc, publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care, and research support from the 2023 Stepping Strong Innovator Award, the Department of Defense, and the National Institutes of Health.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Izzy reports no disclosure.

Ashutosh P. Jadhav, MD, PhD, FAAN, FSVIN, FAHA
Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Jadhav reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Jadhav reports no disclosure.

Lyell K. Jones Jr, MD, FAAN, Editor-in-Chief
Consultant and Professor of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Jones has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care, has noncompensated relationships as a member of the board of directors of the Mayo Clinic Accountable Care Organization and the American Academy of Neurology Institute, and has received personal compensation in the range of $100,000 to $199,999 for serving as an editor for the American Academy of Neurology.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Jones reports no disclosure.

Michael Kentris, DO
Neurologist, Bon Secours Mercy Health, Youngstown, Ohio

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Kentris has received personal compensation in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for the American Academy of Neurology.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Kentris reports no disclosure.

Pearce Korb, MD, FAAN
Vice-Chair, Medical Education and Associate Professor of Neurology in the Division of Epilepsy, Virgnia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Korb has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a CME speaker from Medical Education Resources and MedStudy.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Korb reports no disclosure.

Michael Levy, MD, PhD, FAAN
Associate Professor, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Levy has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a consultant for Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America, Inc, and UCB, Inc, and as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for Elsevier; in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as a consultant for Sanofi and serving on scientific advisory or data safety monitoring boards for Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Genentech, Inc, and Horizon Therapeutics plc; and in the range of $10,000 to $49,999 for serving as an expert witness for various law firms. The institution of Dr Levy has received research support from the National Institutes of Health (R01 AI153068). Dr Taylor has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. The institution of Dr Taylor has received research support from AbbVie, Inc., Agios Pharmaceutical, Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Navio Theragnostics, Inc.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Levy discusses the use of azathioprine, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, infliximab, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg), mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab, none of which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of immune-mediated myelopathies.

J. Ricardo McFaline-Figueroa, MD, PhD
Physician, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Instructor in Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Relationship Disclosure: Dr McFaline-Figueroa has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a consultant for Novocure GmbH. The institution of Dr McFaline-Figueroa has received research support from the National Brain Tumor Society, the National Institutes of Health, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr McFaline-Figueroa discusses the unlabeled/investigational use of bevacizumab, carboplatin, etoposide, lapatinib, and temozolomide for the treatment of ependymomas; MEK inhibitors for the treatment of KIAA1549- BRAF-driven pilocytic astrocytomas; dacarbazine, doxorubicin, and pazopanib for the treatment of solitary fibrous tumors; and bevacizumab for the treatment of schwannomas.

Teshamae Monteith, MD, FAAN
Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Monteith has received personal compensation in the range of $0 to $499 for serving as a consultant for Abbvie Inc, and Merz Pharma and as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for the American Academy of Neurology (AAN); in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a consultant for eNeura Inc, HMP Global, and LinPharma, on scientific advisory boards for Lundbeck and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for the AAN, as a speaker for Neurodiem, and as an educator for AcademicCME, the American Headache Society, the Massachusetts Medical Society, and WebMD LLC; in the range of $10,000 to $49,999 for serving as an educator with Rockpointe Corporation. Dr Monteith has noncompensated relationships as the president-elect of the Florida Society of Neurology, as an editorial board member with the American Migraine Foundation, as a board member of the International Headache Society, and as an author with Abbvie Inc, Pfizer Inc, and Theranica Bio-Electronics Ltd that are relevant to AAN interests or activities. The institution of Dr Monteith has received research support from AbbVie Inc, Amgen Inc, electroCore, Inc, Lilly, Novartis AG, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Monteith reports no disclosure.

Ligia V. Onofrei, MD
Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuromuscular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Onofrei reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Onofrei reports no disclosure.

Carlos A. Pardo, MD
Professor of Neurology and Pathology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins Myelitis and Myelopathy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

Relationship Disclosure: The institution of Dr Pardo has received research support from the Bart McLean Fund for Neuroimmunology Research and the National Institutes of Health (R01 NS1101112, R01 NS123712).

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Pardo reports no disclosure.

Nicole Rosendale, MD
Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Rosendale has received personal compensation in the range of $5000 to $9999 for serving as an editor, associate editor, or editorial advisory board member for Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology and royalties from a publication relating to health care. The institution of Dr Rosendale has received research support from the American Academy of Neurology and the NIH StrokeNet Fellowship.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Rosendale reports no disclosure.

Kara Stavros, MD, FAAN
Associate Professor of Neurology, Clinician Educator, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Stavros reports no disclosure.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Stavros reports no disclosure.

Self-Assessment and CME Test Writers

Douglas J. Gelb, MD, PhD, FAAN
Professor of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Gelb has received personal compensation in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as a multiple-choice question writer for Continuum with the American Academy of Neurology. Dr Gelb has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Gelb reports no disclosure.

Allison L. Weathers, MD, FAAN
Associate Chief Medical Information Officer, Cleveland Clinic; Assistant Professor, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohi

Relationship Disclosure: Dr Weathers has a noncompensated relationship as chair of the adult neurosciences specialty steering board for Epic and as co-chair of the neurology leadership council for Cerner Corporation and has received personal compensation in the range of $0 to $499 for serving as a consultant for Dent Neurologic Institute and in the range of $500 to $4999 for serving as an associate editor and as a CME question writer and presenter with the American Academy of Neurology.

Unlabeled Use of Products/Investigational Use Disclosure: Dr Weathers reports no disclosure.

^AAll relevant financial relationships have been mitigated.

Accreditation

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Methods of Participation and Instructions for Use

Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology® is designed to help practicing neurologists stay abreast of advances in the field while simultaneously developing lifelong self-directed learning skills. In Continuum, the process of absorbing, integrating, and applying the material presented is as important as, if not more important than, the material itself.

The goals of Continuum include disseminating up-to-date information to the practicing neurologist in a lively, interactive format; fostering self-assessment and lifelong study skills; encouraging critical thinking; and, in the final analysis, strengthening and improving patient care.

Each Continuum issue is prepared by distinguished authors who are acknowledged leaders in their respective fields. Six issues are published annually and are composed of review articles, case-based discussions on ethical and practice issues related to the issue topic, coding information, and comprehensive continuing medical education (CME) and self-assessment offerings.

The review articles emphasize clinical issues emerging in the field in recent years. Case reports and vignettes are used liberally, as are tables and illustrations. Audio interviews with the authors of Continuum articles are published alongside each article, and video material relating to the issue topic accompanies issues when applicable.

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